Organic Acids Placed into the Cloaca to Reduce Campylobacter Contamination of Broiler Skin During Defeathering

Campylobacter numbers on broiler carcasses can increase dramatically during defeathering because of leakage of contaminated gut contents in the feather-picking machine. Food-grade organic acids have been shown to be effective in killing bacteria. Placement of organic acids into the cloaca prior to defeathering was tested to determine if such a treatment could lower the number of Campylobacter that escape and contaminate broiler breast skin during automated feather removal. Campylobacter numbers on the breast skin of treated carcasses increased during defeathering but resulted in numbers that were only about 2% of those observed on control carcasses. Placement of food-grade organic acids in the cloaca of broiler carcasses may be useful as a means to lessen the impact of automated defeathering on the microbiological quality of carcasses during processing.     

近似法计量施用有机肥料对培肥水稻土土壤的研究

用近似法计量施用有机肥培肥土壤,测定土壤有机质矿化率和农肥及作物根茬的腐殖化系数。5a试验结果表明,土壤有机质矿化率在轻壤质良水型水稻土上平均为2.44%,轻壤质滞水型水稻土上平均为1.39%。有机质的腐殖化系数:马粪为35%～40%;猪粪为28%～34%;水稻根茬为45%。根据上述结果,计算了有机肥的建议施肥量,该计算值在水稻土上基本符合生产实际情况。     

Evaluation of a combined penetrometer for simultaneous measurement of penetration resistance and soil water content

A combined penetrometer is an appropriate tool to measure the soil cone resistance and the water‐content profile. As a relatively new technique, a combined capacitance‐penetrometer for the simultaneous measurement of cone index and soil water content was developed at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of Bonn University in 2002. The objective of this study was the evaluation of the effectiveness and applicability of the innovated penetrometer with a focus on three aspects: (1) A capacitance sensor with two electrode configurations was calibrated for silt loam, sandy loam, and sand. The calibration results show that both electrode configurations have sufficient water‐content sensitivity, but soil‐specific calibrations seem necessary. (2) Under laboratory conditions, the dynamic resolution and response of the capacitance‐penetrometer were validated, and its radius of influence was determined. (3) The field measurement results demonstrate that this measurement technique can be used to improve the interpretation quality of soil cone index data.     

An evaluation of the pesera soil erosion model and its application to a case study in Zakynthos, Greece

Abstract. The Pan‐European Soil Erosion Risk Assessment (pesera ) model was evaluated using existing soil erosion data collected under various types of climate, vegetation, landscape and soil conditions. The data used represent a variety of typical Mediterranean land uses such as winter wheat, vines, olives and bare, stony land prevailing in hilly areas. Using this data, the model was calibrated for sediment transport by overland flow and results compared to measured soil erosion values from runoff plots and a watershed on a monthly basis. The performance of the model was assessed statistically, showing that it can be satisfactorily used for predicting soil erosion rates under the conditions included in the study. The overall model estimate including all the available experimental data was 0.69 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with a maximum error of 1.49 t ha^?1 yr^?1. After validation, the model was applied to a small watershed (60 ha) of great ecological importance for the sea turtle Caretta caretta. For this purpose, soil and vegetation maps were compiled from all the necessary data for applying the model. The model was run for three years using daily data from an existing nearby meteorological station. The predicted and measured soil erosion rates for a 7‐month period were 0.31 t and 0.18 t, respectively. Application of the model to each mapping unit showed the over‐riding importance of land use for sediment generation under the given climatic conditions. Bare land, occupying 5.5% of the watershed area, generated up to 69% of the total sediments estimated for the watershed. It is concluded that the pesera model can be used as a regional diagnostic tool under a range of soil, topographic and climatic conditions for identifying the best land use type and vegetation cover to protect hilly areas from soil erosion. The calculated overall root mean square error for the model is 0.06 t ha^?1 yr^?1, compared to a soil erosion rate of 0.04 t ha^?1 yr^?1, which can be tolerated for protecting the area for the sea turtle.     

沙土区薄壁连拱护岸墙试验与应用

沙土区薄壁连拱护岸墙为悬臂式支撑、薄壁连拱无底板结构，拱板中间采用无砂砼排水孔的钢筋砼肋形预制板，冲沉法施工，造价低廉；外形美观，抗倾、抗滑性能强。该墙为平原沙土区河道水土保持及修复找到了一条经济合理、施工方便、简便易行的护坡办法，具有较高的实用价值和广阔的推广使用前景。     

台江采育场竹木混交林丰产措施试验

对台江林业采育场现有竹木混交林进行施肥和土壤垦复两种试验，结果表明，不同施肥处理虽有一定增产效果，但经方差分析未达到显著水平；不同土壤垦复措施的增产效果，以深翻加施肥的新竹产量最高，锄草松土居第二，单纯深翻并不理想，效果不如劈山抚育。因而，新兴竹木混交林应以调整竹林结构和护笋养竹为主，每年锄草松土即可达到材用丰产林标准，不宜盲目深翻、施肥。     

聚乙烯吡咯烷酮修饰碳糊电极法测定水中苯酚

提出了以聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（ＰＶＰｒ）修饰碳糊电极测定水中苯酚的方法．在０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＫＣｌ的酚试液中开路富集后，在磷酸盐缓冲液介质（ｐＨ５．６）中溶出，用微分脉冲伏安法测定，苯酚的溶出峰电位为＋０．７３Ｖ（Ａｇ－ＡｇＣｌ参比电极），检测限为０．０５μｇ／Ｌ．应用该法测定了废水中苯酚的含量，并讨论了该法测定苯酚的影响因素，比较了几种修饰电极测定苯酚的灵敏度，探讨了苯酚在该修饰电极上的富集机理     

不同的施肥方式对剑麻施肥区域土壤微生物类群的影响

研究不同的施肥方式对剑麻施肥区域土壤微生物类群产生的影响。结果表明，不同施肥方式下土壤微生物总量各有差异，在总体数量上以细菌为主，真菌次之，再其次是放线茵，特殊生理类群是解磷茵居多，纤维素分解茵次之，固氮茵最少；但从土壤微生物多样性指数来看，则表现为土壤中主要微生物类群多样性指数是施肥点的土壤高于附近的土壤，而土壤中特殊生理微生物多样性指数则无此变化趋势，即微生物总数高的土壤，其多样性指数不一定高。因此评价土壤生物多样性应将二者结合起来。     

松嫩平原不同演替阶段植物群落和土壤特性的关系

探讨了松嫩草原植物群落演替与土壤化学性质与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明：不同演替群落阶段，其土壤的化学性质和肥力存在一定差异，由于土壤化学性质不同，使群落镶嵌分布，组成植被的复合体。随着植被的退化演替，群落的盖度，高度下降，种类组成趋于简单化，生物量减少，土壤盐碱化程度加重，土壤肥力下降，出现次生盐碱植物群落，群落的生物量与土壤值，含盐量，碱化度呈负相关，与土壤腐殖质和全氮含量呈正相关。     

Capnographic documentation of nasoesophageal and nasogastric feeding tube placement in dogs

Objective: To evaluate the ability of capnography to document proper placement of nasoesophageal (NE) and nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes. This study was conducted in 3 phases. Phase I of this study was designed in order to test the efficacy of capnography to distinguish placement of a feeding tube in the alimentary tract versus the respiratory tract. Phase II was designed in order to document that carbon dioxide (CO₂) could be measured through a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) feeding tube. Phase III was performed in order to evaluate the technique of continuous monitoring during insertion of the feeding tube into the esophagus and stomach as would be performed during a clinical‐tube placement. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research laboratory. Animals: 24 adult dogs. Interventions: In Phase I, sedated dogs were instrumented with an intratracheal catheter and an 8 French feeding tube placed nasally into the distal esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase II, dogs were anesthetized and an 8 French feeding tube was placed down the endotracheal tube, then into the esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase III, sedated dogs were instrumented with an 8 French feeding tube inserted intranasally and then advanced to the level of the nasopharynx, distal esophagus and, lastly, the stomach. Fluoroscopy was used in order to determine location of the feeding tube. Measurements and main results: Phase I measurements included respiratory rate and CO₂ from the trachea, esophagus, and stomach and pH of gastric fluid sample. Phase II measurements included respiratory rate and CO₂ from the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the distal esophagus, and feeding tube in the stomach. Phase III data collection included respiratory rate and CO₂ as the tube was passed through the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, esophagus and stomach. Phase I fluid samples were collected from 5 of the 9 dogs and had pH values from 1.68 to 4.20. In both phases, values for the respiratory rate and CO₂ from the esophagus and stomach were 0 ± 0, significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the values from the trachea. In Phase II, there was no significant difference between the respiratory rates (P = 0.886) and CO₂ (P = 0.705) readings obtained from the endotracheal tube compared to readings from the feeding tube in the endotracheal tube. In Phase III, there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the respiratory rates and CO₂ readings obtained from the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx when compared to those readings obtained from the esophagus and stomach. Measurement of CO₂ and respiratory rate resulted in a reading of 0 every time the feeding tube was in the esophagus or stomach. Conclusions: Capnography may be used in order to detect airway placement of NE and NG tubes.